源码阅读准备

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    NameNode 启动流程

    命令启动Hdfs集群

    start-dfs.sh

    该命令会启动Hdfs的NameNode以及DataNode,启动NameNode主要是通过org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.server.namenode.NameNode类。
    重点关注NameNode在启动过程中做了哪些工作(偏离主线的技术细节不深究)
    对于分析启动流程主要关注两部分代码:

    public class NameNode extends ReconfigurableBase implements NameNodeStatusMXBean {
      //该静态代码块主要是初始化一些HDFS的配置信息
      static{
     HdfsConfiguration.init();
     //进入之后发现方法是空的,没有任何操作?其实不是观察HdfsConfiguration的静态代码块
      }
      //HdfsConfiguration的类以及静态代码块
      public class HdfsConfiguration extends Configuration {
     static {
       addDeprecatedKeys();
       // adds the default resources
       Configuration.addDefaultResource("hdfs-default.xml");
       Configuration.addDefaultResource("hdfs-site.xml");
     }
     ...
     //main方法
     public static void main(String argv[]) throws Exception{
       //分析传入的参数是否为帮助参数,如果是帮助的话打印帮助信息,并退出。
       if(DFSUtil.parseHelpArgument(argv,NameNode.USAGE,System.out,true)){
         System.exit(0);
       }
       try{
         //格式化输出启动信息,并且创建hook(打印节点关闭信息)
         StringUtils.startupShutdownMessage(NameNode.class,argv,LOG);
         //创建namenode
         NameNode namenode=createNameNode(argv,null);
         if(namenode!=null){
           //加入集群
           namenode.join();
         }
       }
       catch(Throwable e){
         //异常处理
         LOG.error("Failed to start namenode.",e);
         terminate(1,e);
       }
     }
     ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     //关注createNameNode
     public static NameNode createNameNode(String argv[], Configuration conf) throws IOException {
       LOG.info("createNameNode " + Arrays.asList(argv));
       if (conf == null)
       conf = new HdfsConfiguration();
       // Parse out some generic args into Configuration.
       GenericOptionsParser hParser = new GenericOptionsParser(conf, argv);
       argv = hParser.getRemainingArgs();
       // Parse the rest, NN specific args.
       //解析启动的参数
       StartupOption startOpt = parseArguments(argv);
       if (startOpt == null) {
         printUsage(System.err);
         return null;
       }
       setStartupOption(conf, startOpt);
       switch (startOpt) {
         ....
         default: {
           //正常启动进入该分支
           //初始化metric系统
           DefaultMetricsSystem.initialize("NameNode");
           //返回新的NameNode
           return new NameNode(conf);
         }
       }
     }
     ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     //NameNode的构造
     public NameNode(Configuration conf) throws IOException {
       this(conf, NamenodeRole.NAMENODE);
     }
     ...
     protected NameNode(Configuration conf, NamenodeRole role) throws IOException {
       this.conf = conf;
       this.role = role;
       // 设置NameNode#clientNamenodeAddress为"hdfs://localhost:9000"
       setClientNamenodeAddress(conf);
       String nsId = getNameServiceId(conf);
       String namenodeId = HAUtil.getNameNodeId(conf, nsId);
       // HA相关
       this.haEnabled = HAUtil.isHAEnabled(conf, nsId);
       state = createHAState(getStartupOption(conf));
       this.allowStaleStandbyReads = HAUtil.shouldAllowStandbyReads(conf);
       this.haContext = createHAContext();
       try {
         initializeGenericKeys(conf, nsId, namenodeId);
         // 完成实际的初始化工作
         initialize(conf);
         // HA相关
         try {
           haContext.writeLock();
           state.prepareToEnterState(haContext);
           state.enterState(haContext);
         }
         finally {
           haContext.writeUnlock();
         }
       }
       catch (IOException e) {
         this.stop();
         throw e;
       }
       catch (HadoopIllegalArgumentException e) {
         this.stop();
         throw e;
       }
     }
     //尽管本地没有开启HA(haEnabled=false**),**namenode依然拥有一个HAState,namenode的HAState状态为active.
     ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     // 完成实际的初始化工作
     // initialize(conf);
     protected void initialize(Configuration conf) throws IOException {
       if (conf.get(HADOOP_USER_GROUP_METRICS_PERCENTILES_INTERVALS) == null) {
         String intervals = conf.get(DFS_METRICS_PERCENTILES_INTERVALS_KEY);
         if (intervals != null) {
           conf.set(HADOOP_USER_GROUP_METRICS_PERCENTILES_INTERVALS, intervals);
         }
       }
       UserGroupInformation.setConfiguration(conf);
       loginAsNameNodeUser(conf);
       // 初始化metric
       NameNode.initMetrics(conf, this.getRole());
       StartupProgressMetrics.register(startupProgress);
       // 启动httpServer
       if (NamenodeRole.NAMENODE == role) {
         startHttpServer(conf);
       }
       this.spanReceiverHost = SpanReceiverHost.getInstance(conf);
       // 从namenode目录加载fsimage与editlog,初始化FsNamesystem、FsDirectory、LeaseManager等
       loadNamesystem(conf);
       // 创建RpcServer,封装了NameNodeRpcServer clientRpcServer,支持ClientNamenodeProtocol、DatanodeProtocolPB等协议
       rpcServer = createRpcServer(conf);
       if (clientNamenodeAddress == null) {
         // This is expected for MiniDFSCluster. Set it now using
         // the RPC server's bind address.
         clientNamenodeAddress = NetUtils.getHostPortString(rpcServer.getRpcAddress());
         LOG.info("Clients are to use " + clientNamenodeAddress + " to access" + " this namenode/service.");
       }
       if (NamenodeRole.NAMENODE == role) {
         httpServer.setNameNodeAddress(getNameNodeAddress());
         httpServer.setFSImage(getFSImage());
       }
       // 启动JvmPauseMonitor等,反向监控JVM
       pauseMonitor = new JvmPauseMonitor(conf);
       pauseMonitor.start();
       metrics.getJvmMetrics().setPauseMonitor(pauseMonitor);
       // 启动执行多个非常重要工作的多个线程
       startCommonServices(conf);
     }
     ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     private void startCommonServices(Configuration conf) throws IOException {
       // 创建NameNodeResourceChecker、激活BlockManager等
       namesystem.startCommonServices(conf, haContext);
       registerNNSMXBean();
       // 角色非`NamenodeRole.NAMENODE`的在此处启动HttpServer
       if (NamenodeRole.NAMENODE != role) {
         startHttpServer(conf);
         httpServer.setNameNodeAddress(getNameNodeAddress());
         httpServer.setFSImage(getFSImage());
       }
       // 启动RPCServer
       rpcServer.start();
       ...// 启动各插件
       LOG.info(getRole() + " RPC up at: " + rpcServer.getRpcAddress());
       if (rpcServer.getServiceRpcAddress() != null) {
         LOG.info(getRole() + " service RPC up at: " + rpcServer.getServiceRpcAddress());
       }
     }
     --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
       void startCommonServices(Configuration conf, HAContext haContext) throws IOException {
       this.registerMBean();
       // register the MBean for the FSNamesystemState
       writeLock();
       this.haContext = haContext;
       try {
         // 创建NameNodeResourceChecker,并立即检查一次
         nnResourceChecker = new NameNodeResourceChecker(conf);
         checkAvailableResources();
         assert safeMode != null && !isPopulatingReplQueues();
         // 设置一些启动过程中的信息
         StartupProgress prog = NameNode.getStartupProgress();
         prog.beginPhase(Phase.SAFEMODE);
         prog.setTotal(Phase.SAFEMODE, STEP_AWAITING_REPORTED_BLOCKS, getCompleteBlocksTotal());
         // 设置已完成的数据块总量
         setBlockTotal();
         // 激活BlockManager
         blockManager.activate(conf);
       }
       finally {
         writeUnlock();
       }
       registerMXBean();
       DefaultMetricsSystem.instance().register(this);
       snapshotManager.registerMXBean();
     }
     //blockManager.activate(conf)激活BlockManager主要完成PendingReplicationMonitor、DecommissionManager#Monitor、HeartbeatManager#Monitor、ReplicationMonitor
     public void activate(Configuration conf) {
       // 启动PendingReplicationMonitor
       pendingReplications.start();
       // 激活DatanodeManager:启动DecommissionManager--Monitor、HeartbeatManager--Monitor
       datanodeManager.activate(conf);
       // 启动BlockManager--ReplicationMonitor
       this.replicationThread.start();
     }

    namenode的主要责任是文件元信息与数据块映射的管理。相应的,namenode的启动流程需要关注与客户端、datanode通信的工作线程,文件元信息的管理机制,数据块的管理机制等。其中,RpcServer主要负责与客户端、datanode通信,FSDirectory主要负责管理文件元信息。

    DataNode 启动流程

    datanode的Main Class是DataNode,先找到DataNode.main()

    public class DataNode extends ReconfigurableBase implements InterDatanodeProtocol, ClientDatanodeProtocol, TraceAdminProtocol, DataNodeMXBean, ReconfigurationProtocol {
      public static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DataNode.class);
      static{
     HdfsConfiguration.init();
      }
      public static void main(String args[]) {
     if (DFSUtil.parseHelpArgument(args, DataNode.USAGE, System.out, true)) {
       System.exit(0);
     }
     secureMain(args, null);
      }
      ...
      public static void secureMain(String args[], SecureResources resources) {
     int errorCode = 0;
     try {
       // 打印启动信息
       StringUtils.startupShutdownMessage(DataNode.class, args, LOG);
       // 完成创建datanode的主要工作
       DataNode datanode = createDataNode(args, null, resources);
       if (datanode != null) {
         datanode.join();
       } else {
         errorCode = 1;
       }
     }
     catch (Throwable e) {
       LOG.fatal("Exception in secureMain", e);
       terminate(1, e);
     }
     finally {
       LOG.warn("Exiting Datanode");
       terminate(errorCode);
     }
      }
      ---------------------------------------------------
      public static DataNode createDataNode(String args[], Configuration conf, SecureResources resources) throws IOException {
     // 完成大部分初始化的工作,并启动部分工作线程
     DataNode dn = instantiateDataNode(args, conf, resources);
     if (dn != null) {
       // 启动剩余工作线程
       dn.runDatanodeDaemon();
     }
     return dn;
      }
      --------------------------------------------------
  3. If this thread is specifically interrupted, it will stop waiting.
    */
    public void runDatanodeDaemon() throws IOException {
    // 在DataNode.instantiateDataNode()执行过程中会调用该方法(见后)
    blockPoolManager.startAll();
    dataXceiverServer.start();
    if (localDataXceiverServer != null) {
    localDataXceiverServer.start();
    }
    ipcServer.start();
    startPlugins(conf);

    }

    public static DataNode instantiateDataNode(String args [], Configuration conf, SecureResources resources) throws IOException {
    if (conf == null)
    conf = new HdfsConfiguration();
    ... // 参数检查等
    Collection dataLocations = getStorageLocations(conf);
    UserGroupInformation.setConfiguration(conf);
    SecurityUtil.login(conf, DFS_DATANODE_KEYTAB_FILE_KEY, DFS_DATANODE_KERBEROS_PRINCIPAL_KEY);
    return makeInstance(dataLocations, conf, resources);

    }

    //DataNode.makeInstance()开始创建DataNode
    static DataNode makeInstance(Collection dataDirs, Configuration conf, SecureResources resources) throws IOException {
    ...// 检查数据目录的权限
    assert locations.size() > 0 : "number of data directories should be > 0";
    return new DataNode(conf, locations, resources);
    }
    ...
    DataNode(final Configuration conf, final List dataDirs, final SecureResources resources) throws IOException {
    super(conf);
    ...// 参数设置
    try {
    hostName = getHostName(conf);
    LOG.info("Configured hostname is " + hostName);
    startDataNode(conf, dataDirs, resources);
    }
    catch (IOException ie) {
    shutdown();
    throw ie;
    }
    }
    ...
    void startDataNode(Configuration conf, List dataDirs, SecureResources resources) throws IOException {
    ...// 参数设置
    // 初始化DataStorage
    storage = new DataStorage();
    // global DN settings
    // 注册JMX
    registerMXBean();
    // 初始化DataXceiver(流式通信),DataNode runDatanodeDaemon()中启动
    initDataXceiver(conf);
    // 启动InfoServer(Web UI)
    startInfoServer(conf);
    // 启动JVMPauseMonitor(反向监控JVM情况,可通过JMX查询)
    pauseMonitor = new JvmPauseMonitor(conf);
    pauseMonitor.start();
    ...// 略
    // 初始化IpcServer(RPC通信),DataNode-runDatanodeDaemon()中启动
    initIpcServer(conf);
    metrics = DataNodeMetrics.create(conf, getDisplayName());
    metrics.getJvmMetrics().setPauseMonitor(pauseMonitor);
    // 按照namespace(nameservice)、namenode的结构进行初始化
    blockPoolManager = new BlockPoolManager(this);
    blockPoolManager.refreshNamenodes(conf);
    ...// 略
    }
    //BlockPoolManager抽象了datanode提供的数据块存储服务。BlockPoolManager按照namespace(nameservice)、namenode结构组织。
    //BlockPoolManager-refreshNamenodes()
    //除了初始化过程主动调用,还可以由namespace通过datanode心跳过程下达刷新命令
    void refreshNamenodes(Configuration conf)
    throws IOException {
    LOG.info("Refresh request received for nameservices: " + conf.get(DFSConfigKeys.DFS_NAMESERVICES));
    Map<String, Map<String, InetSocketAddress>> newAddressMap = DFSUtil.getNNServiceRpcAddressesForCluster(conf);
    synchronized (refreshNamenodesLock) {
    doRefreshNamenodes(newAddressMap);
    }

    }

    private void doRefreshNamenodes(
    Map<String, Map<String, InetSocketAddress>> addrMap) throws IOException {
    assert Thread.holdsLock(refreshNamenodesLock);
    Set toRefresh = Sets.newLinkedHashSet();
    Set toAdd = Sets.newLinkedHashSet();
    Set toRemove;
    synchronized (this) {
    // Step 1. For each of the new nameservices, figure out whether
    // it's an update of the set of NNs for an existing NS,
    // or an entirely new nameservice.
    for (String nameserviceId : addrMap.keySet()) {

     if (bpByNameserviceId.containsKey(nameserviceId)) {
       toRefresh.add(nameserviceId);
     } else {
       toAdd.add(nameserviceId);
     }

    }
    ...// 略
    // Step 2. Start new nameservices
    if (!toAdd.isEmpty()) {

     LOG.info("Starting BPOfferServices for nameservices: " + Joiner.on(",").useForNull("<default>").join(toAdd));
     for (String nsToAdd : toAdd) {
       ArrayList<InetSocketAddress> addrs = Lists.newArrayList(addrMap.get(nsToAdd).values());
       // 为每个namespace创建对应的BPOfferService
       BPOfferService bpos = createBPOS(addrs);
       bpByNameserviceId.put(nsToAdd, bpos);
       offerServices.add(bpos);
     }

    }
    // 然后通过startAll启动所有BPOfferService
    startAll();
    }
    ...// 略

    }

    protected BPOfferService createBPOS(List nnAddrs) {
    return new BPOfferService(nnAddrs, dn);
    }
    BPOfferService(List nnAddrs, DataNode dn) {
    Preconditions.checkArgument(!nnAddrs.isEmpty(), "Must pass at least one NN.");
    this.dn = dn;
    for (InetSocketAddress addr : nnAddrs) {
    this.bpServices.add(new BPServiceActor(addr, this));
    }

    }

    //BlockPoolManager#startAll()启动所有BPOfferService(实际是启动所有BPServiceActor)。
    synchronized void startAll() throws IOException {
    try {
    UserGroupInformation.getLoginUser().doAs(
    new PrivilegedExceptionAction() {

     @Override
     public Object run() throws Exception {
       for (BPOfferService bpos : offerServices) {
         bpos.start();
       }
       return null;
     }

    }
    );
    }
    catch (InterruptedException ex) {
    IOException ioe = new IOException();
    ioe.initCause(ex.getCause());
    throw ioe;
    }

    }

    //在datanode启动的主流程中,启动了多种工作线程,包括InfoServer、JVMPauseMonitor、BPServiceActor等。其中,最重要的是BPServiceActor线程,真正代表datanode与namenode通信的正是BPServiceActor线程。
    //DataNode--initBlockPool():
    /**

  4. One of the Block Pools has successfully connected to its NN.
  5. This initializes the local storage for that block pool,
  6. checks consistency of the NN's cluster ID, etc.
    *
  7. If this is the first block pool to register, this also initializes
  8. the datanode-scoped storage.
    *
  9. @param bpos Block pool offer service
  10. @throws IOException if the NN is inconsistent with the local storage.
    */
    void initBlockPool(BPOfferService bpos) throws IOException {
    ...// 略
    // 将blockpool注册到BlockPoolManager
    blockPoolManager.addBlockPool(bpos);
    // 初步初始化存储结构
    initStorage(nsInfo);
    ...// 检查磁盘损坏
    // 启动扫描器
    initPeriodicScanners(conf);
    // 将blockpool添加到FsDatasetIpml,并继续初始化存储结构
    data.addBlockPool(nsInfo.getBlockPoolID(), conf);
    }

    # NameNode如何支撑高并发访问(双缓冲机制)
    高并发访问NameNode会遇到什么样的问题:
  11. 写入本地磁盘--edits文件
  12. 通过网络传输给JournalNodes集群(Hadoop HA集群--结合zookeeper来学习)。
  13. 高并发的难点主要在于数据的多线程安全以及每个操作效率。
    对于多线程安全:
    NameNode在写edits log时几个原则:

    • 写入数据到edits_log必须保证每条edits都有一个全局顺序递增的transactionId(简称为txid),这样才可以标识出来一条一条的edits的先后顺序。
    • 如果要保证每条edits的txid都是递增的,就必须得加同步锁。也就是每个线程修改了元数据,要写一条edits 的时候,都必须按顺序排队获取锁后,才能生成一个递增的txid,代表这次要写的edits的序号。

    产生的问题:
    如果每次都是在一个加锁的代码块里,生成txid,然后写磁盘文件edits log,这种既有同步锁又有写磁盘操作非常耗时。

    HDFS优化解决方案
    问题产生的原因主要是在于,写edits时串行化排队生成自增txid + 写磁盘操作费时,
    HDFS的解决方案

    1. 串行化:使用分段锁
    2. 写磁盘:使用双缓冲

    分段加锁机制
    首先各个线程依次第一次获取锁,生成顺序递增的txid,然后将edits写入内存双缓冲的区域1,接着就立马第一次释放锁了。趁着这个空隙,后面的线程就可以再次立马第一次获取锁,然后立即写自己的edits到内存缓冲。

    双缓冲机制
    程序中将会开辟两份一模一样的内存空间,一个为bufCurrent,产生的数据会直接写入到这个bufCurrent,而另一个叫bufReady,在bufCurrent数据写入(达到一定标准)后,两片内存就会exchange(交换)。直接交换双缓冲的区域1和区域2。保证接收客户端写入数据请求的都是操作内存而不是同步写磁盘。
    image.png
    双缓冲源码分析 找到FsEditLog.java

    ...
    void logEdit(final FSEditLogOp op) {
      Boolean needsSync = false;
      //是否同步的标识
      synchronized (this) {
        //
        assert isOpenForWrite() : "bad state: " + state;
        // wait if an automatic sync is scheduled 如果当前操作被其它线程调度,则等待1s钟
        waitIfAutoSyncScheduled();
        // check if it is time to schedule an automatic sync
        needsSync = doEditTransaction(op);
        if (needsSync) {
          isAutoSyncScheduled = true;
          //标识bufCurrent满了,进行双缓冲刷写
        }
      }
      // Sync the log if an automatic sync is required.
      if (needsSync) {
        logSync();
        //将缓冲区数据刷写到磁盘
      }
    }
    ...

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